The development of an HIV vaccine is hindered by the rapidity with which the virus mutates. A new resource available to vaccine developers is a cryobank of frozen virus specimens collected from all over the world. A mobile laboratory will soon be collecting specimens in Africa.

Researchers the world over have been in hot pursuit of the HI virus since 1984, desperately seeking a vaccine so far in vain. Unfortunately, the virus mutates so rapidly that there are a great many variants in existence. An international research consortium has set up a cryobank at the Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT in St. Ingbert to store the different types of virus, which can be cultured for supply to vaccine researchers. It is the first facility to provide storage at minus 196 degrees Celsius for the full diversity of this highly infectious material. "Our laboratory conforms to level-3 biosafety standards," declares IBMT project manager Dr. Hagen von Briesen. "It is held at negative pressure with respect to the exterior to avoid all risk of viruses being released. All air vents are equipped with special filters that reliably trap all hazardous particles. Similar precautions apply to the door to the laboratory, which can only be accessed via an airlock." The project is being funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (U.S. $7.5 million), the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (U.S. $1.2 million) and the Saarland economics ministry (U.S. $600,000). The laboratory was granted biosafety approval last September allowing the researchers to start collecting specimens from all over the world, separate the immune cells from the plasma, grow viruses in culture, and store material in the cryobank. "The World Health Organization WHO has designated five countries that are particularly affected by AIDS Brazil, Uganda, South Africa, Russia and Thailand and engaged them as partners in the first phase of the project. We are helping to set up local cryogenic labs where specimens can be collected and deep-frozen for transfer to our cryobank," Briesen says.

Next year, the researchers will pilot-test a novel way of collecting HIV specimens for the cryobank in heavily affected countries, using a mobile cryogenic lab touring around South Africa. "The 13-meter truck is equipped for medical emergencies, and also contains a treatment room for patients and has its own power generation and ventilation systems. Behind this area, separated by an airlock, are a level-3 containment laboratory and a cryogenic lab," explains Briesen. Blood samples from patients are tested on the spot for HIV, as well as co-infections such as tuberculosis and syphilis. The cells and plasma are then separated and carefully frozen. The patients' test results are known immediately, allowing treatment to begin without delay. And the specimens can later be supplied to researchers around the world for closer analysis.

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